فصلنامه آفاق امنیت
پیاپی 56 (پاییز 1401)

Critical analysis of discourse examines the relationship between language and thought and, reveals its intellectual and hidden aspects and the relationship between the text and the author by unveiling the sub-structures of language, and tries to focus on why and how in addition to the use of language and also consider its sociological components.This study seeks to analyze the content of “ASharq Al-Awsat” newspaper about the method of representing the assassination of Martyr Qasem Soleimani by a qualitative-analytical and exploratory method based on the socio-semantic principles of Wan Leeuwen’s discourse, (as a special analytical model that discusses about the textual appearance of representation in discursive structures), and with its help, reveals how the assassination of Martyr Soleimani and the presentation of political and social actors of the opposite parties (Iran-US and its allies) are represented, also it manifests the hidden links of ideology-domination as well as the complex textures and hidden layers in the discursive structures by analyzing their meanings.Drawing a turbulent Middle East by showing the action of General Soleimani in a negative light, negatively representing and isolating neighboring countries such as Syria, Iraq and Lebanon in relation to Iran's actions, giving a role of extremist and deviant to Iranian actors based on the role and social and political function, establishing unequal space within the Islamic Republic system and drawing conflicting and domineering figures for the character of Martyr Soleimani, are some of the biases of this Saudi media to guide the audience in the desired direction.

The phenomenon of America's decline is one of the most challenging issues in the international arena, which has received more and more attention from various thinkers and politicians in the last decade. Considering the importance of this issue in the process of current and future developments in the world, it is important to provide a correct analysis of this phenomenon. Therefore, in this article, by using the qualitative content analysis method and by examining the views of the Supreme Leader, the concept and dimensions of America's decline are examined from his point of view. Based on the studies and the coding done, the decline of America is a real and definite thing, which is rooted in the principle of anti-arrogance, divine tradition, and the observation of existing realities. Finally, two main software and hardware dimensions can be attributed to this phenomenon. In the software dimension, issues such as the decline of liberalism discourse, the decline of soft power, and moral-spiritual decline can be expressed, and in the hardware dimension, issues such as political decline can be expressed. , economic decline, military decline and finally social order decline can be observed.

Necessity:

 Defense diplomacy is recognized as one of the appropriate ways to respond to developments in the international arena and to shape systematic trends in the form of soft power, which countries can use to improve various levels. They make their national security and power possible. As one of the players in the international arena, the Islamic Republic of Iran is trying to pursue its foreign policy goals in the international arena by using this tool.

This prompted us to learn the intellectual foundations of the leader of the Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Khamenei. Question: How can defense diplomacy be analyzed from the perspective of Ayatollah Khamenei (elements, semantic package and theoretical position)?

Defense diplomacy in leadership thought is based on three principles of fraternal relations with Islamic countries, confrontation with enemies and peaceful relations with friendly countries. This research is a qualitative analysis (code-oriented) of the type of content analysis.

Conclusions and achievements: 

The elements of Iran's defense diplomacy from the leadership's point of view are: "Combating the Dominion System", "Military and Defense Cooperation", "Strengthening Military Alliances in the Islamic World". The theoretical position of these elements reproduces for the audience the meanings that confronting the behavior of the domination system in foreign policy is legitimate and acceptable, defense cooperation and the strengthening of friendly relations in defense diplomacy must be aligned, and regional alliances and military alliances in the Islamic world. It is essential.

In addition to the direct effects, Economic sanctions indirectly distort the economy by influencing the psychological layers of the society, and its impact is no less than the direct effects. Among the psychological and expected effects of sanctions is the impact on economic markets; So that stimulating the expectations of market players based on an external factor such as sanctions can lead to increased turbulence in the markets and increases economic risk. This article is based on examining the psychological effects of economic sanctions on the foreign exchange market as a central market in Iran's economy and examines the issue of the conditioning of this market in relation to the sanctions. In order to investigate the effect of the psychological aspects of sanctions at different decile levels, the method used in this research is quantile regression, which analyzes the issue using seasonal data of Iran's economy from 2011 to 2021. The obtained results show that the effect of sanctions on exchange rate fluctuations is significant and positive; this means that with the increase in the psychological burden of sanctions, the fluctuations of exchange rate have always increased significantly, and this confirms the Conditionalization of the economy towards foreign issues. This issue has caused the issues related to sanctions toleave their effects on the exchange market, even if they do not actually have any effect, and Iran's economy has faced a higher risk. Finding ways to minimize the psychological aspects of sanctions is one ofthe main suggestions of the current research.

The Islamic awakening in the Islamic world is the awakening of nature of the suffering people, whose all material and spiritual values have been humiliated by the powerful and authoritarian rulers. The return of Muslims to their original identity seeks to free themselves from the domination of global arrogance and the revival of Islamic civilization. Careful study of conditions of Bahraini revolution and survey of the existing obstacles and problems to achieve effective strategies to get out of the situation can simplify, clarify and define complex layers. This research is applied study uses the SWOT technique to explain the strategies facing Bahrain. Analysis of internal and external environment was analyzed based on questionnaires. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by referring to experts and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure reliability. The statistical population is experts in the field of international relations, regional and strategic studies, Bahrain’s experts and religious people of which 50 person were selected as samples. The results of the analysis show that Bahrain is currently in a competitive position. For this purpose, 17 combined strategies of SO and ST, WO and WT were extracted. Finally, these strategies were categorized under 8 strategic basic issues. The results showed that the long-term goal is to turn Bahrain into a regional resistance front.